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[ i QBALL ] DEDICATION QBALL was inspired by the many computer programs published in The American Rifleman, and is respectfully dedicated to their author: William C. Davis, Jr. ____________________ DISCLAIMER QBALL is supplied as is. Responsibility for determining its suit- ability for any use rests solely with the user. The author will not be held responsible for injury or damages resulting from the use of QBALL; all remedies rest solely with the user. QBALL is distributed without any warranties whatsoever, except: QBALL copies distributed on defective author-supplied media will be replaced; or if QBALL is inoperative through an author error, a functional copy is available upon request. The author reserves the right to update QBALL without incurring any obligation to provide updates to any user, except as otherwise stated herein. LIMITED LICENSE Individual users may make copies of the program files for backup and personal use. Individual users are may distribute copies of the shareware edition to others, but only if all files are distributed in their entirety and without modification. Computer clubs may make copies of the shareware version for dis- tribution. A copying/media fee not exceeding $10 may be charged. Software library companies and individuals wishing to commercially distribute QBALL must contact the author for permission. Distribution of any part of the registered edition of QBALL, in- cluding the documentation, without the author's express written consent, is prohibited. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Jan Archambeau, Bob Bender, Jim McCausland, and Dave Smith. Bob and Jim made several suggestions for improving what QBALL does, how it does it, and provided other valuable feedback. Dave served as QBALL's informal beta tester, and Jan proofread the user's manual. Many thanks to you all. -- B.W.H. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION IBM, PC-DOS are trademarks of International Business Machines. 4DOS is copyright, J. P. Software, Inc. MS-DOS, QuickBASIC, GW-BASIC and Professional Development System are copyright, Microsoft, Inc. All other copyrights and Trademarks are the property of their respective holders. [ iii QBALL ] LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1. Opening Screen............................ 3 2. Main Menu................................. 4 3. Computations Menu......................... 8 4. Partial Computations Menu, Zero Set....... 9 5. Typical Range Table....................... 9 6. Choose Next Output Menu.................. 10 7. The Graphics Screen...................... 11 8. Graphics Menu After One Save............. 12 9. Second Trajectory Graphics Screen........ 14 10. Two Sets of Data Graphics Screen......... 15 11. New Input Data Menu...................... 16 12. Other Procedures Menu.................... 18 13. Enter the Maximum Deviation.............. 18 14. Point Blank Range Displayed.............. 19 15. Wind Vector Corrections.................. 20 16. Slant Fire "Hits High" Table............. 21 17. Free Recoil Velocity, Energy Display..... 22 18. Typical Bullet Lookup Display............ 23 19. Schematic Layout, Infer Ballistic Coefficient......... 25 20. Entry Screen, Infer Ballistic Coefficient......... 26 21. Ballistic Coefficient Display 1.......... 26 22. Ballistic Coefficient Entry 2............ 27 23. Ballistic Coefficient Display 2.......... 27 24. "Print?" prompt.......................... 29 25. Standard Printed Output Header........... 30 26. Sample Output, Ballistic Coefficient..... 30 27. The Utilities Menu....................... 31 28. The Switch Toggle Menu................... 31 29. Set Display Colors Screen................ 32 30. Recall Trajectory Data Display and Menu...35 31. Saved Trajectory Data Graphic Display.... 36 32. The Range Table Reader Utility........... 39 33. The Graphics Translator Utility.......... 40 LIST OF TABLES Table page 1. Free Recoil, Selected Weapons............ 21 B1. Data Taken From Published Table.......... 49 B2. QBALL-Calculated Data.................... 49 C1. Saved Trajectory Data File............... 51 D1. Remaining Velocity With Given Inputs..... 55 D2. Trajectory Comparisons Under Specified Conditions..... 56 QBALL and Other Ballistics Programs F1. Sierra Ballistics........................ 57 F2. BALCALC.................................. 58 F3. BALTEC................................... 59 F4. Barnes Ballistics........................ 60 [ v QBALL ] ABOUT SHAREWARE So you've spent a lot of money--$200, $300, $400, or more--for a computer program. You've tried it out, and have found that it's unsuitable for you, (or worse, doesn't work) and you want your money back. Know what? In many cases, you're out of luck, that's what. Enter Shareware. Shareware allows you to try software before buying it, much as you might test drive a new car. If you try a Shareware program and con- tinue using it, you are expected to register, just as you would have to pay for the car. Individual programs differ on details: you may get anything from the simple right to continue using the soft- ware to an updated program with printed manual. Shareware programs are neither "free" nor are they in the public domain. Copyright laws apply to Shareware and commercial software alike. The Shareware copyright holder--usually the author--retains all rights to the program. Shareware authors are accomplished programmers, just like comm- ercial authors, and the programs are of comparable quality. (In both cases, there are good programs and bad ones!) The difference is the method of distribution. The copyright holder may authorize you to copy and distribute the software, either to all and sundry or to a specific group. For example, some authors require written permission before a commercial disk vendor may copy their Shareware. In sum, Shareware is a distribution method, not a type of software. You should find software that suits your needs and pocketbook, whether it's commercial or Shareware. The Shareware system makes fitting your needs easier, because you can try before you buy. And because the overhead is low, prices are low. Shareware also has that most basic of all guarantees: if you don't use it, you don't pay for it. QBALL is a "shareware program" and can be provided to you at a nominal charge for your evaluation. (The author's direct-order fee of $7.50 for the shareware edition covers the cost of materials and postage.) If you decide to order QBALL for evaluation, please share it with your friends. Please do not give it away altered or as part of another system. If you find QBALL useful, and continue to use it after a 60-day trial period, you must make a registration payment of $25.00 to the author. The $25.00 registration fee will license one copy for use on one computer at one time. You must treat licensed software just as you would a book. Licensed software may be used by any number of people and may be freely moved from one computer to another, so long as it cannot be used at one location while being used at another. A book, after all, cannot be read by two people at the same time. Commercial users must register and pay for their copies of QBALL within 30 days of first use. Contact the author to make site-license arrangements. Anyone distributing QBALL for any kind of remuner- ation must first contact the author for authorization. (Author- ization is automatically granted to distributors recognized as Associate Members by the Association of Shareware Professionals (ASP) and may begin offering QBALL immediately. The author must be advised so that the latest version is being distributed.) So there you are: quality software, at a reasonable price, with an unbeatable guarantee. Wotta deal! -- based on original text by Paul Mayer . [ 2 QBALL ] 1.4 General Instructions. Selecting menu options. Press the key corresponding to the letter which is highlighted/bracketed in that option. For example, to choose option "P", press upper- or lower-case "P." QBALL's menus are not case sensitive. If the option does not appear, or appears in low-intensity characters, QBALL will "beep", and do nothing further. Response to "([Y] or N)". Press upper- or lower-case "Y" or "N". "Enter" is the default for "Y". If another key is pressed, QBALL will "squeak" and do nothing further. [ESC]ape key. "ESC" will "back out" of data entry, and will "back up" one menu providing a menu is displayed on the screen. There is one exception: "Quit to DOS" requires that you press "Q" and confirm with "Y", and respond to one further prompt. Data entry and error trapping. Type the value or string to be used, then press [Enter]. If an entry already appears, press [Enter] to accept it, or overtype to change it. QBALL will not accept the wrong data type, and out-of-range values will produce an error message. Use the [backspace] key to edit your entries before entering them. Special cases of [Enter]. [Enter] pressed when a value appears in the data entry window will use that value in subsequent computations. (Standard values are displayed in [brackets] on the prompt line.) [Enter] is also the default for [Y]es at all Yes/No prompts. Help. Limited help is available during data entry: press [F1] to invoke help; press any key to return to data entry. (Help messages automatically clear in 15 seconds.) Swap units option. The unit of range measure may be swapped back and forth between Yards and Meters using the "New Input Data" menu. As distributed, QBALL defaults to Yards; this may be changed using the configuration routines. Noises. QBALL will "squeak" upon erroneous data value entry, and "chirps" upon completion of a computation or upon invocation of <S>wap units. QBALL defaults to sounds "on"; sounds may be toggled "off" for peace and quiet. A "flash" replaces noises in quiet mode. Graphics. Given a CGA or an EGA card/monitor, graphics are always enabled. You may suppress display of the graphics grid, but there is no provision for toggling graphics completely "off." Print options. Ensure that your printer is on/on-line if you want hard copy; QBALL will detect whether or not your printer is on and on-line, but will not detect "paper out"! Display of the printer prompt may be toggled "on" or "off;" QBALL defaults to "on." Redirection of data output. QBALL does not support redirection of data output, e.g., to a disk file, except as otherwise pro- vided within the graphics and computations routines. [ 4 QBALL ] Assuming that everything is working properly, the screen has cleared, and the following is displayed: ------------------------------------------------------------ > Ballistic Computations: Typical Firearm < +=====================================+ | *** M A I N M E N U *** | | --------------------------------- | | <C>ompute Ballistic or Gun Data | | Infer allistic Coefficient | | Use tilities / Configure QBALL | | <R>ecall Saved Graphics Data | | --------------------------------- | | <Q>uit -- Return to DOS | +-------------------------------------+ -------------------------------------------------------------- [ MV: ][ C1: ][ Wt: ][ Met: 59d 0' 29.53" 78% ] | Muzzle Ballistic Bullet Metro conditions Velocity Coefficient Weight Temperature, dF | in in Gun Altitude, Feet Feet per Grains Barometric Pressure, "Hg | Second Relative Humidity, % | --------------- [ H: 1.00 ][Yds] Sight Range Height Units in as Inches Shown ------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 2. Main Menu. This is where you tell QBALL what kind of things you want to do. Key to the In- formation (Info) Line, standard metro, 1.00" sight height, range unit = "yards", the defaults, shown. The Main Menu is QBALL's "central dispatcher;" all of QBALL's functions are accessed from the Main Menu. Before examining the options, however, look at the bottom line of the display. This is the information, or info line. The info line is displayed at all times while QBALL is running; information is updated every time it is changed. There are some blanks on the line right now; we'll be filling them in presently. [ 6 QBALL ] This page for notes. [ 8 QBALL ] 2.2 Computing and Displaying a Range Table. ------------------------------------------------------------- > Ballistic Computations: Typical Firearm < +===================================+ | *** Computations Menu *** | | ------------------------------ | | Range <T>able (0 Must Be Set) | | Set/Reset Current <Z>ero Range | | <O>ther Ballistics Procedures | | <N>ew or Changed Input Data | | ------------------------------ | | <ESC> to M A I N M E N U | +-----------------------------------+ -------------------------------------------------------------- [ MV: 2200 ][ C1: .300 ][ Wt: 180 ][ Met: 59d 0' 29.53" 78% ] | --------------- [ H: 1.00 ][Yds] ------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 3. Computations Menu. AHA! All the blanks on the information line have been filled in. As you can see, you can change the Input Data by using option <N> on this menu; for now, stay with what you've got. <ESC> will return to the Main Menu; try it and see. Then remember to press <C> to get back here. <O>ther Ballistics Procedures are described in Chapter 5. Let's take a look at the other two options. Press <T> to develop a Range Table. Since no valid zero range has been set, QBALL will prompt you for one. Enter 250 at the prompt, thus: Zero Range to use................. 250 This zero range will remain valid until changed using Set/Reset Current <Z>ero Range, or until QBALL internally changes it. This will occur if the input data is changed, or if a point blank zero range is developed as explained in Chapter 5. [ 10 QBALL ] Should you develop a range table using a larger range, or a smaller range increment, QBALL displays up to eleven lines on the screen, then prompts you thus: ---> More? ([Y] or N) <C>ontinuous <--- Press <M>, <Y>, or [Enter] to display the next part of the range table. Press <C> to display all the data lines without stopping. You may also press <N> or <ESC> to go directly to the next menu. If you step through the range table or use continuous display, at the end you will be prompted thus: ======> Press any key <===== The hardcopy print routines recompute all tabular data, so there is no need to be concerned that information has scrolled off the screen. Put a marker in this page, and return to it to experiment later. Press any key to display this Choose Next Output Menu: +=================================+ | *** Choose Next Output *** | | ---------------------------- | | <R>edisplay Range Table | | rint Range Table | | <S>ave Range Table to File | | Display Trajectory <G>raphic | | ---------------------------- | | <ESC> to Computations Menu | +---------------------------------+ Figure 6. Choose Next Output Menu If QBALL did not find a graphics card/monitor, the Display Trajectory ...<G>raphic option will not appear. If this is the case, please read the explanation of this menu's options in the last paragraph on page 12 and skip ahead to page 16, where we'll be changing input data. On the assumption that QBALL did find the appropriate graphics hardware, press <G> to display a graphic representation of traj- ectory data. 2.3 Displaying Graphics. Figure 7, on the facing page, is a printed representation of what your screen should look like. (If you didn't copy the two *GA_SAV.0 files from the distribu- tion disk, "<R>ecall..." will indicate "none saved.") [ 12 QBALL ] Now press <S> to write this trajectory's data to a disk file. (It will go into the current directory.) QBALL tells you it is saving the current data. Disk writes may take awhile, depending upon the disk to which you're writing. Disk writes (and reads) are, in slowest to fastest order: 5¼ floppy, 3½ floppy, hard disk, and RAM disk. When the disk write is complete, the following message is dis- played. If you're working with CGA graphics, the filename will be "CGA_SAV.1." (The message box clears automatically, or you may press a key to clear it.) +==================================+ | Saved as EGA_SAV.1 | +------->> press any key <<--------+ Press <R>. The Graphics Menu will now look like this: +=========================+ | *** Graphics Menu *** | | --------------------- | | <G>rid Toggle On/Off | | <S>ave Current Data | | <R>ecall <0> thru <1> | | --------------------- | | <ESC>ape to Choose Next | +-------------------------+ Figure 8. Graphics Menu After Two Saves <R>ecall... tells you that you now have two sets of trajectory data saved to disk. Also note that <S>ave Current Data has been disabled; you don't want two sets of identical data, do you? Now press <ESC> to quit the graphics routine. You are again presented with the "Choose Next Output" menu. If your printer is on and on-line, press to obtain a hardcopy of your range table. Press <S> to save the range table to a disk file; we'll need it later on in Chapter 6. If you want to look at the Range Table again, press <R>, and, to look at the graphic again, press <G>. (If you plan to save a lot of data, read the hint in the box at the bottom of the facing page.) [ HINT: If you can afford to set up a 350K RAM Disk, the ] [ file write/read process is vastly speeded up. See the ] [ documentation for your computer, probably under Device ] [ Drivers. (Look for VDISK.SYS or RAMDRIVE.SYS.) ] [ 14 QBALL ] > Ballistic Computations: Typical Firearm < +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | |I| | | | 5 * * 5 | |N| * | | | * | |C|-0------------------------------------------------*-------0-| | * | |H| [draw a smooth curve] | | |-5 [connecting the "*".] -5 * |E| | | | YARDS | |S| 50 100 150 200 250 | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | [ --- Remaining Velocity/Energy, Current Round --- ] | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | >Current< >Previous< +=======================+ |Max Ht : 4.6" @ 138 | *** Graphics Menu *** | |Min Ht : -5.3" @ 300 | --------------------- | |MuzVel : 2700 FPS |<G>rid Toggle On/Off | |TermVel: 1877 FPS |<S>ave Current Data | |BCoeff : .300 |<R>ecall <0> thru <1> | |ZeroRg : 250 Yards | --------------------- | |Metro : Standard |<ESC>ape to Choose Next| +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | [ --- info line schematically indicated --- ] | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ Figure 9. Second Trajectory Graphics Screen Press <R> to recall saved data, and press <1> ("one") to recall the data that you previously saved. Remember, the data has to be read from a disk, so it'll take some time to obtain and display. Figure 10, on the facing page, shows what you should end up with. The trajectory plot for the recalled data is shown, as you can see, in a contrasting color. The figure "1" is printed at the trajectory's maximum height. The information section at the bottom of the screen now summar- izes both sets of trajectory data. Note that the value of the parameter we changed, the muzzle velocity, is highlighted. All values so changed will be thus highlighted, except for "Metro" which will be displayed as "Standard" or "Non-standard." Why is the first set saved number "0" and the second, "1?" You may save up to sixteen (16) *GA_SAV.n files, 0 through 15, inclusive; that's sixteen files, total. The Graphics Menu dis- plays the hexadecimal (base 16) equivalents of each of those numbers, 0 through 15. Recalling a saved file requires you to press a "number" (0 through 9) or a "letter" (A through F) to tell QBALL which data you want to display. Not only may you save sixteen trajectories, you may also dis- play the same sixteen trajectories. Should the display become cluttered with too many plots, you may erase all of them except that of the current data by toggling the grid. You retain the ability to recall data from disk. [ 16 QBALL ] Muzzle Velocity: may be from 300 FPS to 4500 FPS, inclusive. Ballistic Coefficient: must be greater than 0.000 and less than 1.000; QBALL will automatically add a leading decimal point to your entry. You may also use the bullet [L]ookup facility. Bullet Weight: must be greater than zero and less than 1000 grains. You may also use the bullet [L]ookup facility. Metro. (Meteorological Conditions). You must either enter or confirm temperature, gun altitude, barometric pressure, and relative humidity. If you press [Enter] at each data prompt, QBALL uses whatever is displayed in the entry window; "standard" metro values are shown in [brackets] on the prompt line. You may save "custom" values for later start-up use by QBALL; see Chapter 5. Metro data values must be within the following ranges: Temperature: -50d to (plus)125d Fahrenheit; Gun Altitude: -1312 feet to 29,028 feet; Barometric Pressure: 25 inches to 35 inches of mercury; Relative Humidity: 0% to 100%. Sight Height. This, the vertical distance between the axis of the weapon's bore and its sights, may be fine-tuned to a specific weapon. The supplied value, 1.00 inches, is "generic," and should be changed. Sight Height is saved in initialization data; see Chapter 5. QBALL will accept values from -2 inches to +5 inches, and rounds all sight heights to two decimal places, e.g., 1.375 inches is rounded to 1.38 inches. Yds/Met Swap. This option chooses the unit of range measure which QBALL uses in ballistics computations, either yards or meters. If you wish to use metric measure, please keep in mind that the results, while accurate, may appear a bit strange. The range increment may not be displayed quite as expected, because yards and meters do not take kindly to being converted one to the other, and QBALL does all computations in English measure (yards, feet, inches, etc.). Additionally, computations using metric measure are a bit slower due to the two conversions required. You may now confidently display saved trajectory data, whichever unit is in use, and whichever was saved. QBALL detects any conflict, and converts appropriately. Note, please, that data saved using QBALL versions 2.09 and earlier is unusable with QBALL 2.20. Finally, please note that only range measure is affected; heights and deflections will continue to be computed in inches; veloci- ties, in feet per second. <ESC>ape returns to the indicated menu. [ The info line should now show this data: ] [ ] [ Muzzle velocity............ 2700 FPS ] [ Ballistic Coefficient...... .300 ] [ Metro...................... Standard ] [ Sight height............... 1.00 ] [ 18 QBALL ] When you have "pressed any key," you are returned to the Computations Menu, where you'll discover that the zero range has been set to 257. Now step through the process of developing a range table for this zero, and a maximum of 304 yards. It is recommended that you use a range increment which will give you trajectory heights at even multiples of 25 or 50 yards. Assuming that you choose a range increment of 50 yards, you'll know how high to sight in at, say, 100 yards so as to be "dead on" at 257, thus assuring a deviation of no more than 5 inches from the line of sight out to 304 yards. The graphics routines, if invoked, will draw additional horizontal lines at, in this case 5 inches from the displayed line of sight. Such lines will be displayed until a new zero range is chosen. So what does this do for you? Well, with this point-blank zero, you can hold "dead on" out to over 300 yards, and be assured that the bullet will not strike more than five inches high or low. Beats estimated holdover, doesn't it? Wind Vector Corrections. One of the columns in the range table gives the wind deflec- tion, in inches, for a "pure" 10-MPH crosswind. To compute the deflection for other windspeeds and directions, press <W> and enter the wind speed in miles-per-hour, and the direction from which the wind is blowing, from 0d to 360d, relative to the line of fire. In this example, the windspeed is taken as 20 MPH, and the direction is 135d, or from the right rear. +=================================================+ | | | Wind velocity [10 MPH] 20 | | Wind direction [ 270d ] 135 | | ============================ | | Range wind = 21 feet per second | | Cross wind = 14 miles per hour | | | | Crosswind correction : -1.40 | | | | Use correction factor(s) in tables ? ([Y] or N) | | | +-------------------------------------------------+ Figure 15. Wind Vector Corrections. A [Y] response will cause QBALL to use the 14-MPH crosswind value when displaying the range table. QBALL takes winds blowing from left to right as positive, and from right to left as nega- tive. No correction is applied for the range wind, as the effect is significant only at long range, with low velocities and a small value for the ballistic coefficient. (Try changing the muzzle velocity up or down by 21 FPS and see.) Should you wish to return to using the default crosswind, you must re-enter the standard values when prompted for the wind velocity and direction, and reply [Y] to the "use in tables?" question. [ 20 QBALL ] There are neither provisions for printing the Slant Fire Table; nor are the values integrated into range table computations. A clear exposition of the geometry of this problem may be found in the Lyman Manual, listed in the Bibliography. Sectional Density. The sectional densities of two different bullets may be used to compare their relative penetrating power. Sectional density is defined as the bullet weight in pounds divided by the square of its diameter in inches. Press <S>, and enter the diameter of the bullet in either inches or millimeters. You may use the bore dia- meter of the weapon if you do not have a specific bullet diame- ter; QBALL assumes that any entered value greater than one (1) is in millimeters, and makes the conversion for you. The sectional density is printed in the printed range table header, if it has been determined, but there is no specific rou- tine to print just this value, nor does QBALL at present include any routine which makes use of the sectional density. Addition- ally, sectional density is not displayed on any screen other than the screen which displays its computation. Free Recoil Velocity and Energy. We all know that a firearm "kicks." Simple Newtonian physics, right? But how hard does it kick? One way to compare absolute numbers, and without getting into the mare's nest of "actual" versus "perceived" recoil, is to compare the recoil velocity and energy imparted to the weapon upon firing. Press <F>. This example uses a powder weight of 38 grains, which seems to be a fair "average" powder weight from several random examples taken from the Speer Reloading Manual. You must also enter the weapon's weight, in either pounds and ounces or in pounds and decimal fractions of a pound. Assume an 8 1/2 pound rifle. QBALL accepts weapon weights in pounds-ounces or decimal pounds format. Enter the powder weight, 38, and the weapon weight as either 8<space>8 or 8.5. (Note that space -- it must be included if you're using pounds-ounces weapon weight entry.) The following is displayed: +===============================================+ | | | Gun Recoil Velocity: 7.83 FPS | | Free Recoil Energy : 8.11 Ft# | | | +-----------------------------------------------+ Figure 17. Free Recoil Velocity, Energy Display. [ 22 QBALL ] +=====> Bullet Lookup <======+ | Mak Dia Wt C1 Type |ormation as prompted... | --- --- --- --- -------- |----------------------- | SRA .308 170 .250 FN | | NOS .308 170 .268 FP |fficient .3 >|>SPR .308 170 .304 FN< < < <|< | HDY .308 180 .239 RN | | SPR .308 180 .304 RN | | SRA .308 180 .322 RN | | SPR .308 180 .352 MAG-TIP | | NOS .308 180 .361 PRPPT | | HDY .308 180 .431 SPIRE | | SPR .308 180 .436 GRD/SLM | +----------------------------+ PgUp PgDn ^ V Home End [ESC] Figure 18. Typical Bullet Lookup Display If the bullet indicated >thus< is chosen, both the bullet weight and the ballistic coefficient will be set the the values shown in the list. (In this case, the bullet is a 170-grain Speer flat-nose with a diameter of .308 inches and a ballistic coefficient of .304.) Bullet makers (manufacturers) are abbreviated as follows: HDY = Hornady SRA = Sierra LYM = Lyman SPR = Speer. NOS = Nosler Bullet type abbreviations preceded by a lower-case "c" are cast bullets. The true bullet weight will depend upon the alloy from which it is cast. The weight given, however, is a workable first approximation. If D.NDX is not available, and M.NDX is, then a listing sorted by maker, diameter, and weight is displayed. There is no way to resort listing unless both index files are present. The bullet lookup data is not loaded until it is called for, at which time the data from AMMO.DAT is loaded into memory. The first call may be rather slow, but subsequent calls will be much faster. [ 24 QBALL ] 3.1 First Run: r1 = 0 When prompted for the "first range," press enter; for "second range," enter 100. The following screen will be displayed. Enter the appropriate velocity values as shown. QBALL will quickly re- turn the value of the ballistic coefficient. Since we're working from tabular data, another round is superfluous; press "N." +==============================================================+ | ----------------------------------- | | Metro: as displayed | | Relative Air Density = 1.000 Relative Sonic Velocity = 1.000 | | ----------------------------------- | | | | | | For Round Number 1 | | First Velocity (Ft/Sec) 2200 | | Second Velocity (Ft/Sec) 1939 | | | | For Standard Atmosphere, C1 = .300 | | | | Calculate another Round? ([Y] or N) | | | | | | | | [ Lower & Upper Ranges (yards) [0] & 100 ] | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ Figure 19. Entry Screen, Infer Ballistic Coefficient The center of the screen will clear, and the following information is displayed: +============================================+ | ----------------------------------------- | | Average C1 for 1 round = .300 | | Between Mean Velocities 2200 and 1939 | | Calculated Muzzle Velocity = 2200 | | ----------------------------------------- | | | | Print C1 Data? ([Y] or N) | +--------------------------------------------+ Figure 20. Ballistic Coefficient Display 1. For now, press "N" to return to the Main Menu. Note that the information line now shows the muzzle velocity and the computed ballistic coefficient. If you so desired, you could now go on to compute ballistic or gun data, but let's try the infer ballistic coefficient routine again, with r1 set to something other than zero. (You should be at the Main Menu; press .) [ 26 QBALL ] [ If you do develop a range table using a calculated muzzle ] [ velocity of 2201 FPS, and C1 of .298, you'll find these max- ] [ imum differences: ] [ ] [ R e m a i n i n g . . . Defl'n . . . Time ] [ Velocity Energy 10 MPH Flght ] [ ----------------- ------ ----- ] [ 4FPS 4 Ft-Lbs 0.1 inches 0.001 seconds. ] [ ] [ It is highly likely that two successive rounds in any given ] [ string will exhibit at least this much spread. The percentage ] [ errors for this example are: Velocity, 0.27%; Energy, 0.46%; ] [ Defl'n, 0.92%; and Time of Flight, 0.25%. Most readily-avail- ] [ able chronographs have inherent accuracy no better than this. ] [ You may expect, therefore, that QBALL's results will be within ] [ the limits of instrumental error. ] This may have seemed like an exercise in futility: we did, after all, know what the ballistic coefficient was in the first place. Suppose, however, you have a ballistics table from, say, Winches- ter-Western, which includes only velocity data? Inferring a ballistic coefficient based on the published velocity figures will allow you to make your own "custom" firing table for a particular factory round. (Most ammunition manufacturers are noticeably reti- cent when it comes to some ballistics data.) Additionally, should you be reloading your own ammunition, and have access to two chronographs, you could make a custom firing table for your own handloaded ammunition. [ If you have only one chronograph, you could fire a string ] [ of, say, five rounds at one range, then five more at a dif- ] [ ferent range, thus getting two different sets of velocity ] [ data. One major disadvantage is that metro or other condi- ] [ tions may change between the two strings. You'd also be ] [ playing pretty "fast and loose" with the statistics involved.] [ (The data reliability so obtained might be pretty shaky, but ] [ better some questionable data than no data at all!) ] [ 28 QBALL ] 4.4 Print Functions. You may obtain hard copy of range tables from within the "Choose Next Output" menu, if the print function is activated, or of any data display which is followed by the prompt: +==============================+ | Print (........)? ([Y] or N) | +------------------------------+ Figure 23. "Print?" prompt. Press [Y] to print a data table. The prompt will be replaced with the statement "Printing (........)" in highlighted text. QBALL sends the data to the printer, and returns you to the previous menu. 4.5 Typical Printed Output. The first range table which was computed in Chapter 2 looks like this in printed form: --------------------------------------------------------------- > Ballistic Computations: Typical Firearm < Range Table, Zeroed at [Bracketed] Range ---------------------------------------- Range R e m a i n i n g Total Path/Sight Line Defl'n Time Yards Velocity Energy Drop M.O.A. Inches 10 MPH Flght ----- ----------------- ----- --------------- ------ ----- 0 2200 1934 0.0 0.0 -1.0 0.0 0.000 50 2068 1708 0.9 7.8 3.9 0.4 0.070 100 1939 1503 3.9 6.8 6.8 1.5 0.145 150 1816 1319 9.1 4.9 7.3 3.5 0.225 200 1700 1155 17.1 2.6 5.2 6.7 0.311 [ 250 1589 1010 28.1 0.0 0.0 10.8 0.402 ] 300 1485 881 42.4 -2.8 -8.5 15.9 0.499 ---------------------------------------- [ End of Table ] --------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 24. Typical Range Table Printed Output. For data tables, all data is recomputed for output to the printer; information which has scrolled past is printable. While the header information differs, the printed data output formats are virtually identical to the screen display. Range tables saved to a disk file have exactly this same format. [ 30 QBALL ] This Page For Notes. [ 32 QBALL ] You may also <S>wap the unit of range measure between yards and meters from the New or Changed Input Data Menu, accessed from the Computations Menu. Toggling the <G>rid merely changes the appearance of the graphics screen when it is first called with any given set of data. You may at that time change the graphics display; there is no provision to turn graphics off completely. If you toggle the rinter off, all "Print (......)?" prompts are suppressed, and ====> Press any key <==== is displayed instead. If <N>oises are toggled off, they are replaced with a short- duration "flash" in the lower right corner of your screen (char- acter-based screens, only.) Press <ESC> to return to the Utilities Menu. 5.3 Configuring Display Colors. Press <C>. A special color configuration screen will appear. +=============================+ | Press [K]ey to increment: | | | | [F] - Foreground | | [H] - Highlight color | | [I] - Info Line color | | [B] - Background color | | [L] - Help Background | | | | press <ESC> to end... | +-----------------------------+ [Now Set- FG = 15 HiLite = 10 Info = 7 BG = 1 Help = 7] [[D]efault - FG = 15 HiLite = 10 Info = 7 BG = 1 Help = 7] [Blk/[W]ht - FG = 7 HiLite = 15 Info = 7 BG = 0 Help = 0] Figure 28. Set Display Colors Screen. Press the appropriate key to "step" through the available colors for the [B]ackground, main body text ([F]oreground), Highlighted text ([H]ighlight), the Title/Info line (Low [I]ntensity), and the He[L]p window background. The colors chosen are immediately shown so that you will be able to see what they look like. When you've found a combination that you like, press [ESC] to use the display colors you have chosen, and return to the Utilities Menu. Note that the currently chosen and the default color values are dis- played at the bottom of the color configuration screen. If you get in a muddle, and want to start over again, press [D] to return to the supplied default color settings. If you'd like a white-on- black screen, press [W] for that option. [ 34 QBALL ] 5.5 Invoking a DOS Shell. Press <D> to shell out to DOS. When first started, QBALL writes a special batch file, QBSHELIT.BAT, in the current directory. When the <D> option is chosen, QBALL calls QBSHELIT.BAT, which sets the DOS prompt like this: [ Exit >> QBALL ] [drive:]\[directory] > _ and then invokes a secondary command processor, COMMAND.COM. If you try to start QBALL from within the shell, the computer will beep, and the following error message is displayed: QBALL is already loaded! Depending on your own computer's configuration, you may or may not remain in the shell; this is largely dependent upon how you have COMSPEC set. See your DOS documentation for more details. QBSHELIT.BAT is erased upon normal exit from QBALL. If, for some reason, this error message is displayed when starting QBALL, check for the presence of QBSHELIT.BAT, and erase it if necessary. See page 37. When you exit the shell, QBALL performs a series of file manipu- lations, which are described in Chapter 7, File Handling, on page 37. Type "exit" (+ [enter]) to return to QBALL. 5.6 Reading Range Table Files and Translating Graphics Files. The <R>ead Range Table and <T>ranslate Graphics options are discussed in detail in Chapter 8, QBALL's Associated Utilities, which you will find on page 39. [ 36 QBALL ] You may Display Trajectory <G>raphic by pressing <G>; the resulting display of EGA_SAV.0 is as shown in Figure 30. >> Ballistic Computations: Typical Firearm << +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | | * | |I| * | | | 5 * 5 | |N| * | | | | |C|-0------------------------------------------------*-------0-| | * | |H| [Draw a line] | | |-5 [thru the *.] -5 | |E| | | | YARDS * |S| 50 100 150 200 250 | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | [ --- Blank space in this situation --- ] | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | >Current< >Previous 0< +=======================+ |Max Ht : 7.4" @ 135 | *** Graphics Menu *** | |Min Ht : -8.5" @ 300 | --------------------- | |MuzVel : 2200 FPS |<R>ecall <0> thru <1> | |TermVel: 1485 FPS | | |BCoeff : .300 | | |ZeroRg : 250 Yards | --------------------- | |Metro : Standard |<ESC>ape MAIN MENU | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | [ --- info line schematically indicated --- ] | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ Figure 30. Saved Trajectory Data Graphic Display You may recall any of the other saved trajectory files for dis- play at this point, but the input data is not reset. Press <R>ecall, then the <number> (in this case, "1") to display another trajectory. QBALL will use the identifier, muzzle velocity, ballistic coef- ficient, bullet weight, metro, sight height, and range unit for all further computations, until changed. You may change that data using the New/changed Data Input routines, or you may recall another saved trajectory file, in which case, all the input data is updated at once. If you determine that the information displayed with the menu is indeed the data you want to use, and you don't need a picture, press <D> to use the displayed data as the default. Again, QBALL will use this data until it is changed. [ 38 QBALL ] The data needed to display trajectory graphics is saved with one of the following filenames: EGA_SAV.[ext] or CGA_SAV.[ext], depen- ding on how your computer is equipped. The [ext] is never less than "0" and never greater than "F." That's hexadecimal notation for "0" through "16;" QBALL will not allow more than 16 trajectory graphics files. Why? Two reasons: it allows you to choose a saved trajectory with one keypress; and, sixteen different graphics trajectories displayed all at once make for a pretty cluttered display. EGA trajectory files average about 2000 bytes in length; CGA, about 1200. That's a lot of space, and another reason to run QBALL from a hard disk. The rest of this section assumes EGA graphics; if you're working with a CGA setup, for "EGA" read "CGA." Let's suppose you have saved several trajectory files, EGA_SAV.0 through EGA_SAV.B--that's eleven files. Now, let's suppose that you delete EGA_SAV.3 through EGA_SAV.9; whether from DOS or from within QBALL's DOS shell. Now you have EGA_SAV.0, *.1, *.2, *.A, and *.B remaining on/in your disk/directory. When you start QBALL, or "exit" from QBALL's DOS shell, the remaining trajectory files are renamed thus: EGA_SAV.0 becomes EGA_SAV.0 EGA_SAV.1 becomes EGA_SAV.1 EGA_SAV.A becomes EGA_SAV.2 EGA_SAV.B becomes EGA_SAV.3 This renaming is completely automatic and transparent. All references to saved trajectories, e.g., in menus, will now reflect "<0> thru <3>." Range Tables Saved to Disk. Range tables saved to disk eat up lots of space, and do it fast! For example, any table with a maximum range of 1760 yards and a range increment of 1 yard--which is entirely possible--uses over 150k of disk space! Not only that, it's slow enough on a hard disk, and almost unbearably so on a floppy. So use a hard disk, awreddy! (Or a RAM disk, if you can.) All range tables are named "RGTABLE.[ext], where [ext] can be anything from "01" to "99," thus allowing ninety-nine range tables to be saved. (Right! If you've got the disk space!) If any saved range tables are deleted, the remaining ones are renamed in se- quence, just as with graphics files. Again, the procedure is auto- matic, and completely transparent. The format for saved range tables is exactly the same as that for printed output: page breaks, continuation page headers, column headers, and all. If you want hardcopy, it's simply a matter of issuing a "COPY" command from the DOS prompt. Yes, it'll work from within the QBALL DOS shell. [ 40 QBALL ] 8.2 Graphics Translator (GRFXLATE.EXE). EGA-equipped computers ignore CGA-format saved trajectory data, and vice versa. You may translate from one to the other, however, so that data saved with one graphics format may be viewed on the other. In order to access the Graphics Translator from within QBALL, both of the following conditions must be true: first, QBALL.EXE and GRFXLATE.EXE are on/in the same disk/directory; and second, if you have an EGA-equipped computer, then at least one "CGA_SAV.[ext]"... or if you have a CGA-equipped computer, then at least one "EGA_SAV.[ext]"... ...exists on/in that directory. If either of these conditions is untrue, QBALL disables the <T>ranslate a Graphics File option in the Utilities menu, i.e., the option is displayed in low-intensity video. The remainder of this section assumes that the current computer- -the one you're working on--is EGA-equipped. At the Utilities menu, assuming that the option is activated, press "<T>." After a short pause, the following screen will appear: +=============================================================+ | ----- - - - -- -- - -- -- - | | | | |-+ -- | | | | |-| TO |- | |-| | | | _| | | -| | | |__ |_|| | |_ |_|| | | | |__|| |_| |_| | | TRANSLATOR 1.0 | | ----- | ---------------------------------------- | +-------------------------------------------------------------+ CGA Graphics Files Present EGA Graphics Files Present -------------------------- -------------------------- CGA_SAV.0 EGA_SAV.0 EGA_SAV.1 +-------------------------------------------------+ | Press the key corresponding to the CGA Graphics | | File EXTENSION to translate CGA to EGA format. | +-------------------------------------------------+ EXTENSION ([ESC] exits): Figure 32. QBALL's Graphics Translator Press the key corresponding to the file extension of the CGA file to translate, in this case, "0." (This one's "hotkeyed"--you need not press [enter]. GRFXLATE will write the translated file to "EGA_SAV.2." If you had a full complement of EGA-format trajectory files, "0" through "F" (hexadecimal notation--there are sixteen such files permitted) GRFXLATE would request permission to over- write the existing EGASAV.0. A "no" response at that time returns to QBALL. [ 42 QBALL ] This Page For Notes [ 44 QBALL ] caliber - For small arms, the diameter of the barrel measured across the lands. In practice, the diameter of the bullet. In artillery and naval gun usage, a measure of length equal to bore diameter; thus, a "fifty caliber" barrel would be 50 bore diameters long. cartridge - Fixed ammunition, including case, powder, primer, and bullet, for small arms. See also: round. case - The (usually) brass component of a cartridge which contains the powder, primer, and bullet prior to firing. See also: brass. chamber - The breech, or rearmost portion of the barrel, which contains and supports the cartridge prior to, during, and immedi- ately following firing. coefficient of form - A number relating the ballistic efficiency of a given bullet shape to the shape of the projectile used to calculate the ballistic table. C1 - Formula symbol for ballistic coefficient. cross wind angle - The angle between the wind direction and the line of departure. Typically tabulated as ninety degrees, or "pure" crosswind with no range vector. drift - Technically, the distance a bullet will travel horizon- tally due to its spin. This effect is usually quite small, amount- ing to about 7 inches at 1000 yards for a military M2 Ball (.30- '06) cartridge. Often confused with wind deflection. See also: wind deflection. deflection - See: wind deflection. downrange - Refers to the position of objects in space relative to the direction of fire; point of aim and point of impact, for example, are by definition downrange. drop - The distance a bullet will fall due to the influence of gravity. Drop is measured from the line of departure, not the line of sight. elevation - Vertical sight adjustment. Also, the (usually small) angle between the axis of a firearm's bore and the horizontal. energy - Here, the kinetic energy of a moving bullet, usually given in ft-lbs. Calculated by multiplying the bullet mass by the square of the velocity, and dividing by two. F.P.S. (also FPS and Ft/Sec) - Feet per second. A unit of velocity. [ 46 QBALL ] line of sight - An imaginary line from the center of the sights to the point of aim. The bullet typically crosses this line only twice; once, a few yards from the muzzle, and again at the targeted distance. mass - Properly, the weight of an object divided by the acceler- ation due to gravity. Commonly taken to mean "weight." maximum height - The greatest vertical distance the bullet rises above the line of sight. Sometimes confused with midrange trajec- tory since it typically occurs about halfway between muzzle and target. Maximum height is usually somewhat higher and occurs somewhat further downrange than the midrange trajectory. metallic sights - Sights containing no optical elements. met - An abbreviation for "meter"; also, a super-abbreviation of "Meteorological Conditions." See also: meter, metro, standard met. meter (also metre) - A unit of length measure equal to 39.37 inches, 3.28083 feet, or 1.09361 yards. metric - Having reference to length measurements based upon the meter, its subdivisions, or its multiples. metro - Short for Meteorological Conditions; the air temperature, barometric pressure, gun altitude, and relative humidity existing at the place and time of firing. See also: standard met. midrange trajectory - The height of the trajectory at a point halfway between the firearm's muzzle and the point of aim. M.O.A. (also MOA) - Minute of angle or minutes of arc. Equal to 1/60 of an angular degree. At 100 yards, 1 M.O.A. is approximately 1.047 inches. muzzle - The foremost point of a firearm's barrel; that part of a firearm closest to the target. muzzle energy - Foot-pounds of energy developed by a moving projectile at the firearm's muzzle. muzzle velocity - The speed of a projectile at the firearm's muzzle, generally expressed in FPS. N.R.A. (also NRA) - National Rifle Association. If you shoot, you should belong to this organization. ogive - The curve of a bullet's forward portion. Also, the radius of this curve, usually expressed in calibers. point-blank range - That range for which the bullet's path varies from the line of sight by no more than a specified amount from the muzzle to that range. [ 48 QBALL ] sonic velocity - The speed of sound through air. standard met - Atmospheric conditions as follows: Temperature of 59 degrees Fahrenheit, barometric pressure of 29.53 inches of mercury, gun altitude of zero (sea level), and relative humidity of 78 percent. Firing tables are usually corrected to standard met conditions. stp - Standard Temperature and Pressure. See also: standard met. string - A number of rounds fired at a common point of aim, often for the purposes of sighting in or zeroing a firearm. targeted range - That distance furthest from the muzzle where the path of the bullet crosses the line of sight. (The "sighting in" distance.) time of flight - The time necessary for a bullet to travel from the muzzle of a firearm to its point of impact or to any intermed- iate range. trajectory - The path of a moving projectile. Often expressed as the number of inches above or below the line of sight. windage - Horizontal, lateral sight adjustment. Also, the sight adjustment required to compensate for crosswind effects at a given range. wind deflection - The amount of a projectile's horizontal lateral motion attributable to the action of the wind. Often mistakenly called drift. See also: drift, windage. yaw - Normally, a situation in which a bullet rotates on its axis at a small angle to the line of flight. zero - The sight setting producing coincidence of point of impact and point of aim at a given range. Also, the process of determin- ing that sight setting. See also: sighting in. [ 50 QBALL ] It was found in Chapter 3 that QBALL's computation of ballistic coefficient from tabular data may not be in exact agreement with a value known to be correct. A series of successive approximations can compensate for QBALL's built-in roundoff characteristics, and the small errors resulting from them. In general, however, the process of successively refining a ballistic coefficient will prove unnecessary. The very small variations introduced by differences between successive rounds in a string, as, for example, variations in muzzle velocity or bullet weight make the process of successive refinement superfluous. [ 52 QBALL ] This Page For Notes [ 54 QBALL ] Selected Bibliography (continued) Winchester Product Information and Ballistics Guide. East Alton: Winchester/Olin Corporation, 1989. Winchester Reloading Components Catalog. East Alton: Winchester Group, Olin Corporation, 1992. [ 56 QBALL ] +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | Trajectory Comparisons - Conditions as Shown | | ============================================== | | [ All at Standard Met ] | |--------------------------------------------------------------| |Range = 250 yards, zeroed at 50 yards; C1 =.12, MuzVel = 2100 | | | | Inches above/below line of sight at...(yards) | | --------------------------------------------- | | Muzzle 50 100 150 200 250 | | ------ --- ---- ---- ---- ---- | |QBALL -1.5 0.0 -1.3 -6.4 -16.9 -34.3 | |SPEER -1.5 0.0 -1.3 -6.4 -17.0 -34.7 | |HORNADY -1.5 0.0 -1.2 -6.3 -16.7 -33.2 | |--------------------------------------------------------------| |Range = 400 yards, zeroed at 200 yards; C1 =.26, MuzVel = 2500| | | | Inches above/below line of sight at...(yards) | | --------------------------------------------- | | Muzzle 100 200 300 400 | | ------ ---- ---- ---- ---- | |QBALL -1.5 2.9 0.0 -13.0 -39.5 | |SPEER -1.5 3.0 0.0 -13.0 -39.6 | |HORNADY -1.5 3.0 0.0 -13.1 -39.7 | |--------------------------------------------------------------| |Range = 400 yards, zeroed at 200 yards; C1 =.50, MuzVel = 3300| | | | Inches above/below line of sight at...(yards) | | --------------------------------------------- | | Muzzle 100 200 300 400 | | ------ ---- ---- ---- ---- | |QBALL -1.5 1.1 0.0 -5.2 -15.2 | |SPEER -1.5 1.1 0.0 -5.2 -15.2 | |HORNADY -1.5 1.1 0.0 -5.3 -15.7 | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ (Key: MuzVel = Muzzle Velocity C1 = Ballistic Coefficient) Table D2. Trajectory Comparisons Under Specified Conditions. A close examination of the data in Table D2 shows that there is close agreement between QBALL's results and published data. The greatest variation is at the greatest ranges; this is to be ex- pected. Since the ballistic coefficients from the Hornady tables are not exactly those chosen as typical, being "high-on-low" re- spectively, it is also expected that the resulting bullet strikes will be too small, "on", and too large. There is, however, sub- stantial agreement between the QBALL results and the data from both published tables. In general, the actual bullet strike differences between QBALL's results and the published tabular data is two or three tenths of an inch. This indicates that QBALL is capable of excellent practical accuracy. [ 58 QBALL ] +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | Program: BALCALC. | | Input Data: | | Ballistic Coefficient (C1)....... .295 | | Bullet Weight.................... 130 grains | | Zero Range....................... 200 yards | | Maximum Range.................... 500 yards | | Range Increment.................. 50 yards | | Sight Height..................... 0.9 inches | | Crosswind........................ -- no wind -- | | Metro............................ Standard | |--------------------------------------------------------------| |Range R e m a i n i n g Total Path/Sight Line Defl'n Time | |Yards Velocity Energy Drop M.O.A. Inches 0 MPH Flght | |--------------------------------------------------------------| |BALCALC Reports: | | | | 0 3000 2597 -0.9 0.0 0.00000 | | 50 2838 2325 +-----++-----+ 1.1 0.0 0.05141 | | 100 2682 2076 | Not || Not | 2.0 0.0 0.10578 | | 150 2531 1849 |Given||Given| 1.7 0.0 0.16334 | | 200 2386 1643 +-----++-----+ 0.0 0.0 0.22438 | | 250 2245 1454 -3.2 0.0 0.28920 | | 300 2108 1283 -8.1 0.0 0.35815 | | 350 1977 1128 -15.0 0.0 0.43163 | | 400 1851 988 -24.1 0.0 0.51005 | | 450 1730 864 -35.8 0.0 0.59389 | | 500 1615 753 -50.3 0.0 0.68364 | | | |QBALL Reports: | | | | 0 3000 2598 0.0 0.0 -0.9 0.0 0.000 | | 50 2838 2325 0.5 2.1 1.1 0.0 0.051 | | 100 2682 2076 2.1 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.106 | | 150 2531 1850 4.9 1.1 1.6 0.0 0.163 | | 200 2386 1643 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.224 | | 250 2245 1454 14.6 -1.3 -3.2 0.0 0.289 | | 300 2109 1283 22.0 -2.7 -8.1 0.0 0.357 | | 350 1977 1128 31.4 -4.3 -15.0 0.0 0.431 | | 400 1850 988 42.7 -6.0 -23.8 0.0 0.508 | | 450 1730 864 56.9 -7.9 -35.5 0.0 0.591 | | 500 1616 754 74.4 -10.1 -50.6 0.0 0.684 | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ Table F2. BALCALC and QBALL Compared Summary of absolute differences. Remaining Velocity: 1 FPS; Re- maining Energy: 1 FtLb; Path/Sight Line: 0.3 inches; Time of Flight: 0.00105 seconds. Available with BALCALC, unavailable with QBALL. Bullet Momentum in Lb-Ft per second per second; Lead in feet for entered target lateral speed. [ 60 QBALL ] +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | Program: Barnes Ballistics. (Barnes Bullets, Inc.) | | Input Data: | | Ballistic Coefficient (C1)....... .295 | | Bullet Weight.................... 130 grains | | Zero Range....................... 200 yards | | Maximum Range.................... 600 yards | | Range Increment.................. 100 yards | | Sight Height..................... 0.9 inches | | Crosswind........................ -- no wind -- | | Metro............................ Standard | |--------------------------------------------------------------| |Range R e m a i n i n g Total Path/Sight Line Defl'n Time | |Yards Velocity Energy Drop M.O.A. Inches 0 MPH Flght | |--------------------------------------------------------------| |BARNES BALLISTICS Reports: | | | | 0 3000 2597 +-----++-----+ -0.90 0.0 0.0000| | 100 2682 2076 | Not || Not | 2.00 0.0 0.1061| | 200 2386 1643 |Given||Given| 0.00 0.0 0.2255| | 300 2109 1283 +-----++-----+ 8.12 0.0 0.3593| | 400 1851 989 -24.13 0.0 0.5115| | 500 1615 753 -50.14 0.0 0.6842| | 600 1408 572 -89.79 0.0 0.8851| | | |QBALL Reports: | | | | 0 3000 2598 0.0 0.0 -0.9 0.0 0.000 | | 100 2682 2076 2.1 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.106 | | 200 2386 1643 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.224 | | 300 2109 1283 22.1 -2.7 -8.2 0.0 0.358 | | 400 1850 988 42.9 -6.0 -24.0 0.0 0.509 | | 500 1616 754 74.4 -10.1 -50.6 0.0 0.684 | | 600 1407 572 119.2 -15.1 -90.4 0.0 0.883 | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ Table F4. Barnes Ballistics and QBALL Compared Summary of absolute differences. Remaining velocity, 1 FPS; re- maining energy, 1 Ft-Lb; Path/Sight Line,0.61 inches; Time of Flight, .0025 seconds. Available with BARNES BALLISTICS, unavailable with QBALL. Tabular side-by-side comparison of two different loads. ---------- As can readily be seen from the preceding tables, QBALL is in substantial (not to say "bang on"--pun intended) agreement with several other computer ballistics programs. Other sources with which QBALL is in substantial agreement include the Winchester Product Information and Ballistics Guide (1989), and the Remington Firearms and Ammunition Catalog (1990). [ 62 QBALL ] Enter Range <= 1760 Yards or Enter Range <= 1609 Meters: In either case, you're attempting to enter a range which is outside QBALL's ability to use effectively. (1760 yards = 1609 meters = 1 mile.) Enter 0 < Range Increment <= Range: You're trying to enter a range increment of zero, or to enter a range increment greater than the maximum range chosen. Enter 0 <= Relative Humidity <= 100: You're attempting to enter a relative humidity value which is out of range. (Values outside this range are, by definition, impossible.) Enter Second Range > First Range: When inferring a ballistic coefficient, you're attempting to enter a second range which is smaller than the first range you have already entered. Enter Second Velocity < First Velocity: When inferring a ballistic coefficient, you're attempting to enter a downrange velocity which is larger than the velocity closer to the muzzle. Enter Sight Height <= Maximum Deviation <= 40: In the determination of point-blank range, the maximum deviation must be greater than the sight height and less than 40 inches. Enter -2.0 <= Sight Height <= +5.0: You're attempting to enter a value for sight height which is out of range. Enter -50 <= Temperature <= +125: You're attempting to enter a temperature value which is out of range. (If you really need this program to operate at Arctic/Saharan temperatures, let me know! I'll customize one for you.) Enter 300 <= Velocity <= 4500 FPS: You're trying to enter a velo- city which is less than 300 FPS or greater than 4500 FPS. Enter Vertical Angle <= 45d or Enter Height <= [feet]: In determining "hits high" for slant fire, the vertical dimension must be less than 45d, or less than the horizontal range expressed in [feet]. Enter Wind Direction <= 360d: In determination of wind deflection corrections, you're attempting to enter a wind direction which is greater than one complete circle. Enter Wind Velocity <= 231 MPH: In determination of wind deflection corrections, you're attempting to enter a wind speed in excess of the world record. Inferred C1 exceeds 1.00 - check data: Your input data is probably incorrect; ballistic coefficients cannot, by definition, exceed unity. [ 64 QBALL ] This page for notes. [ 66 QBALL ] This Page For Notes. [ 68 QBALL ] -G- BALTEC 59 Graphics 3 Barnes Ballistics 60 auto-detect 3 Sierra Ballistics 57 displaying 10-15 translating 40 -P- typical saved file 51 Point-blank range 17 GRFXLATE.EXE 40 Printed output 28 ballistic coefficient 29 -H- range table 28 Hardware 1 Printer 3 auto-detect graphics 1 auto-detect 3 chronographs 23 functions 28 recommended 1 output 28 screen dumps 27 -I- setup 27 Inferring Ballistic warnings 27 Coefficients 23-26 one downrange velocity 24 two downrange velocities 25 -R- Information (Info) Line 4 Range Tables 8 data entry 9 -M- display 9 Menus 4 interpretation 9 Choose Next Output 10 reading saved data 39 Color Configuration 32 Range units 16 Computations 8 swapping 16 Graphics 12 Main 4 -S- New Input Data 15 Sectional density 20 Other Procedures 17 data entry 20 Recall Trajectory Data 35 valid data limits 20 Switch Toggle 31 Sight height 16 Utilities 31 valid limits 16 Metro 4 Slant angle of fire 19 changing 16 data entry 19 standard 4 valid data limits 19 valid limits 16 Starting QBALL 3 Muzzle Velocity 7 Already Loaded error message 37 entering 7 monochrome 3 valid limits 16 -U- -N- Uphill/downhill fire 19 Non-horizontal fire 19 Utilities 39 DOS Shell 34 -O- Graphics Translator 40 Opening screen 3 Range Table Reader 39 Other Ballistics Procedures 17 Free recoil velocity/energy 20 -V- Point-blank range 17 Viruses 63 Sectional density 20 Slant angle of fire 19 -W- Wind vector corrections 18 Wind Vector Corrections 18 Other Ballistics Programs 57-60 using in range tables 18 BALCALC 58 valid data limits 18 wind velocity and direction 18